1. vitamin c deficiency
2. agranulocytosis
3. aplastic anemia                                         
4. hemophilia
5. pemphigoid                                                
6. periodontal disease
7. polycthemia vera                                       
8. thrombocytopenia
9. vitamin k deficiency

 GINGIVITIS: - PATHOPHSIOLOGY

GINGIVITIS is due to long term effect of plaque deposits. Plaque is sticky material made of bacteria, mucous, and food debris that develops on the exposed parts of the teeth. If you do not remove plaque, it turns into hard deposits called tartar. That collect at the base of the tooth plaque and tartar irritate and inflame the gums. Bacteria and the toxins they produce cause the gums to become infected, swollen and tender.

Microscopic changes include edema, exudates, ulceration and proliferation of the epithelium surroundings tooth.

TREATMENT OF GINGIVITIS:-

Scaling:-a cleaning of teeth .all traces of plaque and tartar are removed.

Antiseptic mouth wash

   -It helps clear away bacteria

   -Chlorhexidine or hexidine mouth wash is used for about wash

ANTIOBITIC

  - brushing teeth proper brushing technique

  - flossing teeth properly its flossing technique

  - fixing dental problems

       -if there are only malaligned

  - teeth, poorly fitted crowns, bridges or other dental restorations, it will need to fixed.

  - removing plaque and tartar when dental restorations are causing problem is more difficult.

  - After cleaning gingivitis usually resolves after sometimes providing patient long term good oral hygiene. The gum should return to their healthy pink color.

COMPLICATION:-

- recurrence of gingivitis 

- Periodontitis.

- recurring gum abscesses

- loose the teeth

- loss of teeth

- the alveolar and periodontal membrane can damage leads to bone and tissue surroundings the root of teeth loss.

- receding gums

- heart disease and stroke

      -people with recurring periodontitis are much more likely to have heart problems or suffer a stroke.

PREVENTION:-

- maintain food oral hygiene

- visit a dentist at least once every six months for cleaning and examinations.

- brush teeth daily both morning and night and after meals when possible

- use soft tooth brush 

- use fluoride tooth paste

- avoid sticky and surgery foods, tobacco, drinking excessive amount of alcohol.

- keep all removable fixed dental appliances a clean as you would keep your teeth.

- floss of least once daily

- regularly clean mouth after meals 

- avoid smoking and tobacco chewing.